In honour of the memory of Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks, this is a re-post of an article I wrote some years ago. Rabbi Sacks had read it and had the dignity to acknowledge even thank me for it.
INTRODUCTION:
While walking through a Modern Orthodox institution
recently, I was chatting to a colleague who noticed I was holding a copy of the
book; ‘To Heal a Fractured World’, by Chief Rabbi Jonathan Sacks. Being
a great admirer of Rabbi Sacks, I was rather taken aback when he asked why I
was reading such ‘controversial literature’. Intrigued to find out what was so
contentious about the man, I discovered that in 2003, Rabbi Sacks was pressured
into retracting and deleting sections of his book; ‘The Dignity of
Difference’.
Apparently, his own Beit Din had said that parts of
the book were “inconsistent with basic Jewish beliefs.”
And Rabbi Elyashiv said it was “contrary to our faith in
the Holy Torah”, and was unfit to be brought into the home.
What did Rabbi Sacks say that brought about such scathing
attacks?
In the ‘censored’ version, he wrote:
G-d is universal, religions are
particular...G-d has spoken to mankind in many languages: through Judaism to
Jews, Christianity to Christians, Islam to Muslims... G-d is greater than
religion...He is only partially comprehended by any faith...He exists in my
faith, but also in yours.
However, this sentence had been deleted:
No one creed has a monopoly on
spiritual truth.
Some felt that he had gone too far in accepting the
‘validity’ of other religions.
I can understand why some felt he had gone too far. There
are some major and fundamental differences between Judaism and other faiths.
Many of these differences are theologically and philosophically irreconcilable.
However, as an intellectual exercise, and in the interest of
freedom of (Torah) expression, take a look at some very different perspectives
on other religions, by some of our leading rabbinical thinkers.
THE RAMBAM’S VIEW ON OTHER RELIGIONS:
Rabbi Moshe Maimonides (1135-1204) writes that in
general, both Christianity and Islam pave the way for universal acceptance
of Mashiach. As a result of the emergence of both these religions:
[T]he world has become full of
the ideas of Mashiach, Torah and commandments, which have spread to distant
lands and nations.[1]
Notwithstanding this broad and sweeping statement, the Rambam bluntly considers Christianity to be a form of idolatry. He says this in a number of different places[2], and is quite outspoken in his reference their houses of worship as:
[P]agan houses of worship without
any doubt.
His view on Islam is very different:
The Ishmaelites are not idol
worshippers at all and they worship the singular G-d properly and without
blemish.”[3]
As a consequence of this view, Jews and Muslims have often
shared the same houses of worship.
Then, in a surprising and dramatic turnaround, the Rambam
adds a caveat: When it comes to social and religious interaction with members
of both faiths, he says:
It is permitted to teach the
commandments to Christians and to attract them to our religion, while one
should not do the same with Ishmaelites.
This is because Christians accepted the authority of
the Torah and never denied its authenticity. Whereas Muslims, he says,
although their books describe the giving of the Torah to the Jews, consider
every point of difference between them and Jews to be either a falsification
of, or mistakes in, textual transmission on the part of the Jews, and that they
(the Muslims) indeed have the correct tradition.
The Rambam’s view is clear albeit rather paradoxical:
Christianity is idolatry. Islam is monotheistic. Yet, theologically, Christians
may be engaged with in preference to Muslims because they accept the basic
authority of the Torah. Yet overall, both are indispensable in terms of core
principles and preparation for Mashiach.
Concerning the oft-quoted Talmudic statement
that “the pious of the nations have a share in the world to come” (San.105a) - Rambam is of the view that this is only when they declare their commitment to upholding the
seven Noachide laws[4] before
a Jewish Beit Din.[5] This,
not being a common practice, puts a very different pragmatic spin on the
popular perception of this famous statement, and is indicative of the Rambam’s
uncompromising stance on the matter.
RASHBA (1235-1310):
The Rashba[6],
holding a similar view to the Rambam, says that Moslems are not idol
worshippers, but:
all other gentiles are
considered to be idol worshippers.
THE MEIRI (1249-1315):
Rabbi Menachem haMeiri[7],
on the other hand, has probably the most radically liberal view on Christianity
and Islam that is to be found in all of Torah literature. He posits
that the notion of idolatry has absolutely disappeared from
society (barring what he refers to as some fringes or ‘extremities’ of
civilization). Idolatry, in his view, has essentially become extinct, and
replaced by more developed religions, with Christianity and Islam both
falling under the broad rubric of monotheistic religions. He refers to
them as ‘umot ha-gedurot be-darcei ha-datot’, or ‘nations restricted
by ways of religion’, as opposed to the idolaters of old who thrived on
total anarchy.[8]
Jewish law does contain several references to inequality
between Jews and non-Jews. For example; If a Jew’s animal damages the property
of a Gentile, the Jew is not liable. But if a Gentile’s animal damages the
property of a Jew, the Gentile is liable. According to the Meiri, the
‘non-Jews’ in such examples of asymmetry in Jewish law, are specifically the
ancient idolaters, who lost their rights to be protected by the very laws they
sought to undermine. He says of the ancient pagans; “All these
people possess no religion and submit to the fear of no divinity”.
Contemporary Gentiles, however, were to be treated no different from Jews,
because their religions gave them a sense of law and order.
The Meiri continues:
Discriminatory rules such as
this were instituted in times when those Gentiles were devout in their
idolatry. But now their idolatry has come to an end in most places, and there
is accordingly no need to be stringent with them as in the old regulations.[9]
In a similar vein, the Meiri offers a remarkable explanation
in his commentary to a text in the Gemara:
“A Notzri (Christian)
may not be traded with” -This refers (not to Christians but) to the
(idolatrous) nation of Nevuchadnetzer , the Babylonian King.[10]
Commenting on the Gemara in Bava Kama, he says:
All the people who are of the
nations that are restricted by the ways of their religion and worship the
divinity in any way, even if their faith is far from ours, are excluded from
the principle of inequality. Rather, they are like full-fledged Jews with
respect to these matters, with no distinction whatsoever.[11]
Regarding the mitzvah of returning lost property, which only
has to be performed to “your brother”[12],
and not to Gentiles, the Meiri says:
The reference is to everyone who
is ‘restricted by the ways of their religion’.[13]
Accordingly, the Meiri regards contemporary non-Jews to
fall under the technical category of ‘achicha’, your brother, and
‘re’ehu’, your peer.
Again, commenting on Bava Kama, he says:
All those who follow the seven
laws of Noah are treated in our courts as we are treated in theirs, and we do
not accord ourselves favourable treatment. It goes without saying that the same
applies to nations restricted by ways of their religion.[14]
Significantly, here the Meiri seems to regard
contemporary non-Jews as having a higher status than those who merely observe
the seven Noachide laws.
As demonstrated, the Meiri differs spectacularly from the
view of the Rambam. So much so that some simply couldn't accept his radically
tolerant outlook and insisted that he wrote these commentaries
specifically for the censors in order to appease the non-Jews. The Chatam
Sofer[15],
for example, wrote about a Meiri text:
It is a mitzvah to wipe it out,
for it did not emerge from his holy mouth.”[16]
The implication here is not just that the Meiri wrote to
appease non-Jews but that his views on that issue were outright forgeries.
The interesting thing though is that the Chatam Sofer never
gave any reasons for his sweeping statement[17].
And he never saw the writings of the Meiri on Bava Kama first hand,
because he only quoted them through secondary sources (such as the Shita
Mekubetzet in the above example). Also, he couldn't have been familiar with
the Meiri on Avodah Zara (where the “nations bound by religion”
concept was formulated), because it was only published in 1944, more than 100
years after his passing. Yet, notwithstanding all this, from then on, the
views of the Meiri regarding non-Jews lost much of their credibility.[18]
RAMO (1520-1572):
Rabbi Moshe Isserless explains that in Jewish Law,
the Trinity is considered to be “Shituff” or “partnering”
G-d with another being. For a Jew, “Shituff” would be absolutely
forbidden. The question is whether or not it is forbidden for a
non-Jew. The poskim (halachik authorities) are divided
on this issue. As we have seen, the Rambam holds that it is forbidden even to a
non-Jew, to the extent that if he practices “Shituff”, he is considered
an idolater. The Ramo, however, takes a different view. He maintains that
partnering G-d with another being is permitted to non-Jews.[19]
MAHARAL OF PRAGUE (1520-1609):
The Maharal[20], taking a similar tack, writes:
Anyone who accepts upon himself
to worship the First Cause, falls into the category of a ‘ger toshav’[21] (a
resident stranger), who is not discriminated against by the laws (as
in Bava Kama 4,3).
BE’ER HAGOLAH (1596-1671):
In a similar vein, R Moshe Rivkes, commentating on the Shulchan
Aruch, says that the discriminatory laws were only directed towards
the:
idolaters of earlier times, who
believed in neither the Exodus from Egypt nor Creation ex nihilo. But
concerning contemporary gentiles...since they believe in the Exodus, Creation
ex nihilo, and other fundamentals (these laws do not apply), since their intent
is to the Creator.
TIFERET LE'YISRAEL (1805-1855):
One of the first rabbinic authorities to actually
acknowledge the Meiri as a source text, was R Zvi Hirsch Chayes[22].
Fascinatingly, he is the only commentator in the Vilna Shas to hold a PhD. He
writes:
Christians, who believe in
religion...Torah from Heaven and in the existence of G-d, are absolutely
regarded by us as ‘gerim toshavim’, and the seven Noachide laws are built
into both Christian and Moslem legal systems.”[23]
TORAH TEMIMAH (1860-1941):
About fifty years later, the Torah Temimah[24] writes
that the discriminatory laws:
do not apply to those nations
who observe the seven Noachide laws, and these are most of the
contemporary nations, which are regarded as Jews in regard to these
matters.”[25]
RAMACH (1874-1950):
R. Chalfon Moshe haCohen[26] ruled
that:
The bans[27] only
applied to the idolatrous nations of ancient times. But today, when idolatry
has ceased to exist in almost all parts of the world, and all the Gentile
nations believe in the Creator...we make no distinction with regard to Jew and
Gentile in these matters.
CHIEF RABBI AVRAHAM YITZCHAK HAKOHEN KOOK (1865-1935):
The first Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel declared that
Moslems and Christians living in a Jewish society are to be treated as ‘gerim
toshavim’, with full civil liberties, just like Jews.[28] He
wrote
The fundamental view is the
Meiri’s. Nations bound by descent customs between man and his fellow,
should be considered ‘gerim toshavim’.[29]
TANNA DE'VEI ELIYAHU:
According to a 10th Century text from Tanna de'vei
Eliyahu (ch 9):
I call heaven and earth to
witness that whether man or woman, whether servant or maidservant, whether
Gentile or Jew, the Holy Spirit rests upon a person according to his deed.
CONCLUSION:
It is well known that throughout our history, some sensitive
texts had to be amended because it was feared that the original texts would
fuel anti-Semitism. However, no absolute certainty exists as to exactly
which texts were amended. We have taken a look at many texts
spanning a period of almost a thousand years. Some may have been written for
‘appeasement’. But by the same token, some must have been the
authors genuine interpretations.
If one does accept the authority of even just some of these
texts, the questions beg:
· Would our modern-day ‘censors’ who confronted Rabbi Sacks, similarly want all these texts to be retracted retroactively?
·
Would these views also be
branded as “inconsistent with basic Jewish beliefs” and unfit to be
brought into the home?
Submitting to the fact that our traditional opinions on
other religions do differ significantly and dramatically, surely we must also
submit that they all still exist within the broad framework of Torah theology.
One could find many reasons to take umbrage to what Rabbi Sacks wrote. But one
could also, surely, make an argument that the Chief Rabbi was drawn to his way
of thinking, by much textual precedent.
I can also understand, as Rabbi Norman Bernhard used to say,
that; “There is salvation outside of the synagogue.” He told me he chose
the term ‘salvation’ deliberately, because of its non-Jewish
connotation. Non-Jews have no need for Judaism and can and should
perfectly function within their own belief systems. If another religion is
relevant to another creed, why can that religion not be valid for THEM?
In this sense, could one not also understand the context and
tenor of the Chief Rabbi’s pre-censored statements - remembering that he was
communicating with an international readership including people of diverse
creeds, many of whom respectfully consider him to be a leading thinker of our
times?
He was speaking as a representative of Judaism to the widest
of audiences and was taking full advantage of his honed ability to wax
philosophical.
In the final analysis, considering that Rabbi Sacks was
speaking Hashkafa (theological philosophy), writing to
‘appease’ - to create tolerance in an age of intolerance - and not to formulate
or pasken Halacha (religious legalities) or look for
stringencies - was his punishment not perhaps a little
disproportionate to his ‘crime’?
[3] Letter
to Ovadya the Convert.
[4] These
seven laws are: The prohibitions of committing murder, idolatry, theft, incest,
blasphemy, cruelty to animals, and the injunction to establish civil court of
law.
[5] Mishneh
Torah, Hilchot Melachim 8:10-11.
[6] R.
Shlomo ben Avraham Aderet, Torat haBayit, book 5, chapter 4.
[7] The Meiri is one of the most monumental commentators on the Talmud. Yet, interestingly, his work was largely unknown until recent times. This is why its influence has been rather minimalised because it was left out of the halachic process. Some authorities, although having great respect for him, will not rely on his teachings because of this.
[8] See
“Ones possessed of Religion”, by Dr Moshe Halbertal.
[9] Beit
haBechira, Avodah Zara p. 28. (Schlesinger ed.)
[10] Ibid
p
4.
[11] Beit
haBechira, Bava Kama p. 330.
[12] Deut.
22,3.
[13] Beit
HaBechira, Bava Metzia, p. 100.
[14] Beit
HaBechira, Bava Kama p. 122.
[15] R.
Moshe Schreiber (1762-1839).
[16] Kovetz
Teshuvot paragraph 90.
[17] See
Kotzk Blog 48) ‘Contemporary Daas Torah’; where (unlike traditional halachic
rulings), according to the Daas Torah concept, no explanations are necessary.
[18] Even
the the Chatam Sofer Institute which published the Responsa Anthology (1973),
while quoting our abovementioned statement, added in a note; “The words of our
master ‘It did not emerge from his holy mouth’, are puzzling, for the Meiri
explicitly stated this view numerous times in his works.”
[19] Darchei
Moshe 2 on Orach Chayim 156. (However see Nodah BeYehuda, who
says the Ramo holds that worshiping ‘beshituff’ is forbidden to a
non-Jew.)
[20] R. Yehudah Loew.
[21] An
interesting halachik conundrum, however, is created when a gentile is
considered to be a ‘ger toshav’- because the prohibition against
intermarriage with them would shift from a Torah prohibition, to that of a
rabbinic prohibition. This, of course, would be halachically untenable, (unless
the distinction is made that a gentile is a ‘ger toshav’ only with
regard to the discriminatory laws, but not with regard to intermarriage, which
would remain a Torah prohibition.)
[22] Rabbi
Berel Wein calls him the R. Samson Rephael Hirsch of Eastern Europe, and says
he was; “simultaneously a talmid chacham and secular scholar. He aimed
to fight the haskala with its own weapons, but because of his time and place,
he came under suspicion as a maskil himself. The tragic story of this
misunderstood genius is the eternal story of the Jewish people, struggling to
walk the tightrope between Torah and modernity.”
[23] Compendium
of R' Chajes, p. 489 (published by Divrei Chachamim, 1958).
[24] R.
Baruch HaLevi Epstein, a bookkeeper by profession, and author of the Torah
Temimah commentary to the Torah and Five Megilot.
[25] Torah
Temimah on Shemot 21,35.
[26] A
leading rabbi of the island of Djerba in Tunisia. In 1943 the Nazis came
to Tunisia, and demanded that Rabbi Moshe collect 50 kilos of gold in three and
a half hours and hand it over to them; otherwise, they would bomb the Jewish
communities of Djerba and Tunis. The next day the Allies conquered Tunisia and
the Nazis were gone from Tunisia. The gold that the Jews managed to collect was
not handed to the Germans. He was a great Zionist and hatched a plan to
establish a League of Nations and a World Court, both of which would have their
headquarters in Jerusalem.
[27] These refer to not having to return a Gentile’s lost articles and not having to return funds overpaid in monetary transactions.
[28] Iggeret
89, Mishpat Cohen
63.
[29] Igrot
ha-Raayah, 89, v. 1, p. 99 (Mossad ha-Rav Kook edition, Jerusalem,
1962).
